Book Review - Roman Britain’s Missing Legion

Book Review by the Roman History Blog
 Roman Britain’s Missing Legion
What Really Happened to IX Hispana?
By Dr Simon Elliott 
 
This is an inspiring and gripping piece of detective work of one of the great Roman mysteries of the missing IXth Legion Hispana. This book is a must have for all people interested in Roman history!
 
This book explains the disappearance of 5500 men of the Legion IX Hispana. Simon Eliott hypotheses four key fates in detail in his book for the IXth legion. One, lost or disbanded in Northern Britain, two, lost or disbanded in Southern Britain, three, lost or disbanded in the Rhine or Danube and four, lost or disbanded in the east.
 
The book describes legionaries in detail including armour and equipment. Simon Elliott discusses Caesar in much detail with his second visit to Britian with the IXth Legion. The IXth and three other legions came to Britain with the Claudian invasion and describes the battles and interactions with the Celts. The IXth later established York as their base and saw uprisings both in Northern and Southern Britain. The North had the Caledonians (modern Scots) and Brigantes revolting against Rome and the south had the Hadrianic war or uprising in Londinium (London).

The IXth Legion is sent to the East for the three Jewish wars and is explained in some detail. At one point, six legions were stationed in Judea! Whilst under Trajan and Hadrian the IXth witnessed conquests and uprisings in Armenia and Parthia which is discussed.

Part of the IXth legion was sent to the Rhine and the Danube Frontier and Simon Elliott explains both the Roman Legions and Germanic tribes with their successes and failures on both sides.

Find out what happened to the IXth Legion Hispana in this great book!

Roman Britain's Missing Legion:
What Really Happened to IX Hispana?

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Andrew Boyce - Roman Fictional Author

Roman History Blog - Featured Author

Andrew Boyce - Roman Fictional Author
Bath House and Antonine Wall Sparks Interest in the Romans!

Reading great Roman Historical Fiction Authors such as Harry Sidebottom, Simon Scarrow and Ben Kane, I had a book idea in the back of my mind. Could I write it and could I write more than one?

Yes I could and I want to share how I did it, in case there are other people in the same position as I am, as well as sharing my Roman interest and promoting my books!

First, this is how I did it! On my smartphone, I had a package called "WPS". Most days at a quiet time, usually in the evening, I would write a little and save it. I always took it slowly, waiting for the next part of the story to develop in my mind before writing it down. Sometimes when writing, a new thought would come to me and I would be excited to write that down, the story then taking a different direction than planned.

Before long, I then had a complete story. But what should I do now? I knew the chances of obtaining a book deal were much the same as me winning a nice amount on the lottery and so I googled about self publishing.

By chance, I discovered "Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP) Amazon" that allowed you to upload your Word file and then use their cover creator. I mainly used free pictures from the website "Pixabay" to create the cover and a few inside pictures. And then, Bingo! I had my first ebook/paperback - The Antonine Romans and The Golden Torque.

Andrew Boyce and his Three Books!
I then began the process of trying to promote and this is not easy and I am only at the start of learning this aspect, not having a book company to do this for me!

So far, it has been a mixture of joining Facebook history sites, Facebook book sites, my own Facebook site and my own Twitter site @andrewboyceaut1

It is a case of sticking by the rules of each Facebook site - posting only on the days allowed, only once in a day etc. Sometimes your post gets rejected and you feel very offended!

As well as being a source of great information, the Facebook users get to know the books you have to offer and soon, you are happily typing away posts on your smartphone, adding in pictures of your book covers and using your clipboard smartphone feature to write posts at the touch of a button, rather than typing out each one, again and again!

One of the Facebook/Twitter sites that I joined is the excellent Roman History site (Links below). This provides wonderful posts, with great pictures, articles and information and I feel honoured to have my writing and pictures on here!

And so onto my next section, what is my Roman interest all about? Well, from an early age I remember as a child in my father's car around Glasgow seeing strange ditches, long straight roads, and street names such as "Roman Road". We would see remains of the Roman bathhouse at Bearsden, a dip in the road where the Antonine Wall crossed over, or a house halfway along a hill in Milngavie that originally was the site of a Roman fortlet!

My imagination fired up, I was amazed to learn about the Roman Antonine Wall that ran across central Scotland, Hadrian's Wall that ran across the border of Scotland and England and Roman Britain in general, such as Bath, Chester, York and London.
Amphitheatre - Chester - A Special Place for Andrew Boyce!
It also helped having teachers at school that were interested in the Romans. I can remember aged 8, the class making cardboard Roman helmets, that the teacher finished each off with a bright red plume of wool. Also visits to the Burrell Collection and the Hunterian Museum as a class or with my family, where I would wonder at the various coins, pottery and objects found in Roman Scotland.

I recall that at my primary school several years before I attended, a pupil had found various Roman coins that the Headmaster then passed to a Museum.

The interest in the Romans continued into adulthood with the reading of the various greats of Roman Historical Fiction such as that mentioned at the start of this article, as well as excited trips to Roman places, such as York and Chester.


To stand in the middle of the Roman amphitheatre remains in Chester and to look out, was a special moment. As was walking their town's walls and along the nearby path to suddenly see Minerva's Shrine, dating from the early 2nd century, emerge from a wall in front of me!
Minerva's Shrine - Chester
Putting this all together, an idea in my mind was developing to write a book and the story seemed to emerge, waiting to be written down. With the help of technology of WPS and KDP Amazon as previously described, the Antonine Romans novellas were the result, leading to the final section of this article of promoting my ebooks/paperbacks!

The first novella is "The Antonine and The Golden Torque" and the essence of the whole series is there. It is the native Scots facing the Roman invaders and follows characters such as the new Centurion - Andronicus and a young well regarded tribal Scot - Jamis.

Book 1 - The Antonine Romans and The Golden Torque
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The second novella "The Antonine Romans and The New King" follows on from the first, focusing on Centurion Andronicus and the Scot Jamis, leading to a dramatic ending of this second novella, that sets up the trilogy.

Book 2 - The Antonine Romans and The New King
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As a result, the initial trilogy is completed with the third novella "The Antonine Romans and The Redemption", which plays out various conflicts and revelations between Andronicus and Jamis, with an ending that is unexpected.

Book 3 - The Antonine Romans and The Redemption
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AD144 The Antonine Wall, Caledonia, modern day Scotland.
Battles rage amongst individuals and armies.
 
Book 4: The Antonine Romans and The Tribune's Mission
 
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Tribune Lacitus must use all his skill if he is to save himself, his brother Centurion Antallius of Balmuildy Roman Fort and his father Senior Tribune Rexis of Trimontium Roman Fort.
 
Book 5: The Antonine Romans and The Gladiators
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A Gladiator Fight at the Trimontium Amphitheatre, Scottish Borders, holds the fate of Tribune Lacitus and his family. His brother - Centurion Antallius has his own battles to overcome with the attack on Balmuildy Fort. The exciting fifth Novella in The Antonine Romans Series
 
Book 6: The Antonine Romans and Burnswark Hill
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A direct order from The Emperor - Antoninus Pius for the complete destruction of Burnswark Hill. Can Jamis be rescued before the brutal assault? The destruction of Burnswark Hill and the survival of Jamis with his Negotiation Skills, are seen as vital for success in The Northern Frontier.
 
 Book 7: The Antonine Romans and Deva: Roman Chester Awaits!
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Tribune Lacitus has received new orders to travel to Deva (Roman Chester). His mission is to save Deva from falling, with an attack from the local tribe imminent. Can Tribune Lacitus and his brother Centurion Antallius, survive and succeed?
 
 
With my style of writing, the novellas are best read as a series starting from the beginning and so I decided to include a Compilation Book "The Antonine Series (Books 1 to 3)" of all three stories together, if the reader would prefer to have one ebook/paperback, rather than the three. I priced this Compilation Book to be a little cheaper than buying all three individually as I would like people to complete the trilogy, this being another opportunity to do so.

And so what is next, I hopefully hear you say? Well, I hope that the whole world buys the three novellas or the Compilation Book, in either the ebook or paperback versions and I am either picked up in a book deal, a film or both!

As I watch what may be a pig flying past my window or may not, if I have a bit of luck and was actually a plane, the ideas have started for the fourth Antonine Romans novella. What is the title of this fourth novella? Watch this space!
The Antonine Series (Books 1 to 3)
Andrew Boyce Showing Books 1 to 3
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Best wishes
Andrew Boyce, Roman Fiction Author

Suetonius and The Twelve Caesar's

Suetonius and The Twelve Caesar's
 
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus is best known to us as Suetonius. He was a Roman historian and biographer. He is famous for writing about the twelve successive Roman rulers and emperors, from Julius Caesar to Domitian.

Suetonius was born around the year 69AD, The year of the four  Emperors, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.  Its likely that Hippo Regius was his birth place, its a small north African town in Numidia, (now Algeria). His family were of the senatorial class and Suetonius was educated in Rome when schools of rhetoric flourished. He studied law and then abandoned this!

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Pliny the Younger. A friend of Suetonius, describes him as scholarly and quiet and committed to writing. Pliny introduced Suetonius to Trajan and Hadrian where he enjoyed favour with these two Emperors. Between 110 and 112, Suetonius possibly was on the staff of Pliny whilst he was Proconsul in Asia Minor. Later he became a secretary and director of Imperial archives for Trajan. Under Hadrian, he was the Emperors personal secretary, but was later fired for an alleged affair with Sabina, the Empress.

The Twelve Caesar's

Suetonius's famous book that he wrote is the “ De Vita Caesarum' meaning “The Lives of the Caesar's” but we know this as “The Twelve Caesar's”. This was written in 121AD under the rule of emperor Hadrian. He dedicated this book to his friend Gaius Septicius Clarus.

The Twelve Caesars
by Suetonius (Author) Translated by Robert Graves
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As private secretary to the Emperor Hadrian, the scholar Suetonius had access to the imperial archives and used them (along with eyewitness accounts) to produce one of the most colourful biographical works in history. The Twelve Caesars chronicles the public careers and private lives of the men who wielded absolute power over Rome, from the foundation of the empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus to the decline into depravity under Nero and the recovery that came with his successors. This masterpiece of observation, immortalized in Robert Graves's classic translation, presents us with a gallery of vividly drawn - and all too human – individuals.

Other works of Suetonius focus on oratory, politics and daily life of Rome. Most of these are lost with only partial fragments remaining.

Suetonius died after 122 AD

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Reflections on “The Dark Side of Glory”

Reflections on “The Dark Side of Glory”
By Raven Kamali

Ten years ago, I embarked on a journey to write a historical novel that was relevant to our times. But the journey was difficult. I am passionate about ancient history and I wanted to inject as much history as possible into the storyline. However, I was aware that not everyone shared my passion. My aim was not to produce a novel that would only appeal to those who love history. I wanted the book’s appeal be all-inclusive. To accomplish such a goal, both the history and the story had to be gripping, which meant that the history had to be seen through the eyes of compelling characters with compelling lives. Heroes and villains had to come alive and take the reader into their world.

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The story begins in 7BC Judea with Joshua and his family: his two daughters (seven-year-old Abigail and fourteen-year-old Ruth), his wife, Deborah, and his brother, Tobias. Joshua and Tobias are juxtaposed as Ruth and Abigail are. Joshua is certain that he knows the mind of God. Tobias isn’t sure if God even exists. Joshua is ready to sacrifice his family for his faith. Tobias is ready to sacrifice himself for them. The question of faith plays an important part in the story and gives it a spiritual dimension. Joshua tries to reach for the hand of God; Tobias for the meaning of life. Ruth’s life is shaped by Joshua’s beliefs; Abigail’s by Tobias’s.

Abigail and Ruth are the protagonist and the antagonist respectively. Abigail’s strength is nourished by love; Ruth’s by hatred. It is love that enables Abigail to survive her darkest moments. Ruth’s hatred offers her no protection. For all her sins against innocent people, Ruth ultimately faces cosmic or divine retribution.
 
Raven Kamali
 
It was important for Abigail to never sully her hands with Ruth’s blood. She must remain pure and innocent to the end. In the movie Ben-Hur (1959), Judah does not kill Messala despite all the evil the latter had inflicted on the former. It is divine/cosmic justice that crushes Messala. Heroes that prevail without engaging in the cruel actions of their adversaries, and yet either nature or providence ensures that the world is still just, is a theme that I find appealing.

The end of the story is one of resurrection and renewal. A new family emerges and a young man finally completes the spiritual journey that started with Joshua by touching the hand of God.
 
Raven Kamali Writes Roman Historical Fiction & Launches Her New Book. Read at
 

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R. David Simpson Writes Roman Fictional Novels

Roman History Blog - Featured Author
 
R. David Simpson Writes Roman Fictional Novels
 
I was born in Cambridge England and took a deep interest in history as a teenager and even more so as I grew older. I started my film career in the 1980’s and script writing ten years ago. I now turn my scripts into novelettes.
Author R. David Simpson
Authors facebook page
My first script and book were called’ CLEOPATRA, QUEEN OF EXILE’. I decided to write this story after talking to my daughter about Rome and Alexandria. I chose a particular part of her story that is seldom thought about. When she was twenty, she was forced to flee Alexandria for Syria, as her brother-husband was trying to kill her off. She came back to Alexandria, 15 months later with an Arab army. The rest of the story is ‘history’ as we have learned from Shakespeare and Hollywood!
Book 1: Cleopatra, Queen of Exile
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CLEOPATRA, QUEEN OF EXILE. Cleopatra is an Infinitely vain, highly intelligent, cunning, a gambler, seductive, queen but over underestimates her brother. When it looks like she’ll soon lose her head, she gets her servants to spirit her out of her palace at night – hidden in a rolled-up rug. and loses her crown to her husband-brother, Ptolemy.Once safely on the road in the desert with a small contingent of loyal servants, she struggles to raise an army to retake her throne. Cleopatra is unused to desert life and is forced to put up with hardships and indignities her privileged upbringing has ill prepared her for. On top of that, she’s forced to stoop to dealing with the lowly desert King Azar in order to find an army for her cause. Well before Cleopatra flees, Greek Oligarchy's wives, who pull the strings from behind the scenes in Rome, manipulate a Roman General, Julius Caesar, to invade Europe for their own profit and his. Caesar then takes matters into his own hands and seeks to use his new wealth to manipulate Cleopatra for his own interests posing as Cleopatra 's benefactor so that he can gain Egypt and Rome at one time. Cleopatra has her own ideas about who is going to manipulate who. After 16 months on the run and just when she succeeds in raising an army, Cleopatra learns that the Romans, led by Julius Caesar, have intervened in Egypt. Carried in the rolled-up rug, Cleopatra returns to throw herself at Caesar’s mercy.
 
The second book ‘THE WALL’ – takes place in 410 AD and is about two teenagers and their families who, with other families and soldiers are ordered to leave ‘Hadrian’s Wall’ in England and march back to Rome. The story records their trials and tribulations as they move from England to Gaul to Italy and face the dangers of tribes that realize that something is drastically wrong, as the occupiers leave Western Europe, never to return. 
Book 2: The wall
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It's the year 410 AD. The Roman Army commander in ENGLAND, wakes up and finds orders to evacuate all troops and families,immediately.Two Roman teenagers of different class, cross paths and work together to survive the march home.
 
I look forward to making these books into films in the UK and Europe.
 
You can find my books on AMAZON USA at
KINDLE OR PAPERBACK
 
The Wall
ISBN-13: 978-1657240148
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Cleopatra Queen of Exile
ISBN-13: 978-1731412874
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 THANK YOU!
 
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Romulus: The Legend of Rome's Founding Father

Book Review by the Roman History Blog
Romulus: The Legend of Rome's Founding Father
by Marc Hyden

This book charters the rise of Romulus from his beginnings. He was the son of the god Mars, according to legend and a member of the Alba Longa's royal household. Romulus was left for dead on the bank of the River Tiber but the gods had other plans for him. The river carried him away but he managed to scramble back to the side where he was suckled by a she-wolf. Romulus founded Rome after he murdered his brother Remus.

This book explains the Trojan War and how Rome was born out of the fallout of this war. It tells the life story of Romulus and Remus, how they grew up and left Alba Longa to form their own colony. It explains who killed Remus and the outcome. Romulus may not of killed Remus directly! The book explains what Romulus did after the death of Remus. He had to deal with an epidemic and consulted an oracle to learn how to bring-round the angry gods and to stop this plague. An epidemic - sounds familiar!

The book details Romulus's building of Rome with two possible dates and its location. It also discusses King Romulus's running of Rome, how it dealt with its neighbours especially the Sabines and Caeninenses. Tatius was the king of the Sabines and joint-ruler of Rome with Romulus for several years before his death and this is well covered. The author also describes how women were treated in this period and that Romulus made a few concessions but also introduced new laws on marriage and morality.

Romulus died in his mid 50's but why didn't his son rise to the position of King? The author Marc Hyden explains why in detail giving the reader an important insight into possible reasons why!

This is a splendid book and very informative. The author, Marc Hyden has done his research and presented different narratives to recreate this interesting time period of which we see the first legendary King of Rome elevated to power, which the Romans believed in. If you are passionate about the Romans and classics then this book is a must have edition for your library! Its really is an inspiring read!

Romulus: The Legend of Rome's Founding Father

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According to legend, Romulus was born to a Vestal Virgin and left for dead as an infant near the Tiber River. His life nearly ended as quickly as it began, but fate had other plans. A humble shepherd rescued the child and helped raise him into manhood. As Romulus grew older, he fearlessly engaged in a series of perilous adventures that ultimately culminated in Rome's founding, and he became its fabled first king. Establishing a new city had its price, and Romulus was forced to defend the nascent community. As he tirelessly safeguarded Rome, Romulus proved that he was a competent leader and talented general. Yet, he also harboured a dark side, which reared its head in many ways and tainted his legacy, but despite all of his misdeeds, redemption and subsequent triumphs were usually within his grasp. Indeed, he is an example of how greatness is sometimes born of disgrace. Regardless of his foreboding flaws, Rome allegedly existed because of him and became massively successful. As the centuries passed, the Romans never forgot their celebrated founder. This is the story that many ancient Romans believed.
 
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Marcus Tullius Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero
 
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on the 3rd of January 106 BC at Arpinum in central Italy into a wealthy family of the equestrian order. He was educated in Rome where he studied law and also studied rhetoricians and philosophers in Greece. Cicero became a scholar, lawyer and statesman in the Roman republic, later becoming a consul and the Governor of Cilicia (southern (Mediterranean) coast of Turkey). He is known as one of Rome's greatest orators. Cicero joined the army briefly before embarking on his law career. He would take on risky cases and would win them and this made him quite famous!

Lawless Republic
The Rise of Cicero and the Decline of Rome
 
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The collapse of law and order in the last years of the Roman Republic told through the rise and fall of its most famous lawyer, Cicero. In its final decades, the Roman Republic was engulfed by crime. Cases of extortion, murder and insurrection gave an ambitious young lawyer named Cicero high-profile opportunities to litigate and forge a reputation as a master debater with a bright political future. In Lawless Republic, leading Roman historian Josiah Osgood recounts the legendary orator's ascent and fall, and his pivotal role in the republic's lurch toward autocracy. Cicero's first appearance in the courts came shortly after the end of a brutal civil war. After leveraging his fame as a lawyer to become a consul, he ruthlessly crushed a coup by suppressing the liberties of Roman citizens. The premiere legal mind of Rome came to argue that the pursuit of a higher justice could sometimes justify sweeping the law aside, laying the groundwork for Roman history's most famous act of political violence - the assassination of Julius Caesar. Lawless Republic vividly resurrects the spectacle of the courts in the time of Cicero and Caesar, showing how politics trumped the rule of law and sealed the fate of Rome.
 
 Cicero believed strongly in the Roman Republic and when he was made consul in 63BC he tried to stop the Republic being overthrown. He accused Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline) of leading a plot to overthrow the Roman Senate. The Catiline or Catilinarian Orations are a set of speeches given to the Roman Senate. The senate bestowed the tittle Pater Patriae, meaning "Father of the Country" onto Cicero.
Cicero Denounces Catiline, fresco by Cesare Maccari, 1882–88
Picture Wikipedia
Caesar was an ambitious politician and was part of a powerful alliance known as the First Triumvirate which included Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus. Caesar had asked Cicero to join this but Cicero refused making himself an enemy of Caesar. Cicero was frightened of Caesar's ambition for power. Caesar had Cicero exiled from Rome in 56BC but he returned a year later.

During the civil war of Caesar and Pompey, Cicero fled Rome again. Caesar had taken control of the city and had become dictator of Rome. Cicero was pardoned by Caesar and he was allowed back to Rome. In 44BC when Caesar was assassinated, Cicero was not disappointed and he lead the Senate to try and re-establish the Roman Republic.

Cicero Selected Works

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Lawyer, philosopher, statesman and defender of Rome's Republic, Cicero was a master of eloquence, and his pure literary and oratorical style and strict sense of morality have been a powerful influence on European literature and thought for over two thousand years in matters of politics, philosophy, and faith. This selection demonstrates the diversity of his writings, and includes letters to friends and statesmen on Roman life and politics; the vitriolic Second Philippic Against Antony; and his two most famous philosophical treatises, On Duties and On Old Age - a celebration of his own declining years. Written at a time of brutal political and social change, Cicero's lucid ethical writings formed the foundation of the Western liberal tradition in political and moral thought that continues to this day.

Cicero was a staunch opponent of Mark Antony. Antony was one of the leading men wanting to fill the power vacuum after Caesar's death. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus, formed the second Triumvirate and took control of Rome and they sought out their enemies. They declared Cicero a public enemy and killed him in 43BC and his final words were "there is nothing proper about what you are doing, soldier, but do try to kill me properly." Cicero's head and hands were cut off and nailed to the Rostra of the Forum Romanum.

The writings of Cicero would have influenced many writers for generations to come and Historians would have learned a lot about the Roman government at this time even if his politics were not always popular. He wrote many works relating to philosophy, such as On the Republic, On Invention, and On the Orator. His son Marcus became a consul in 30 BC.
 
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Cicero: Politics and Persuasion in Ancient Rome
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As the greatest Roman orator of his time, Cicero delivered over one hundred speeches in the law courts, in the senate and before the people of Rome. He was also a philosopher, a patriot and a private man. While his published speeches preserve scandalous accounts of the murder, corruption and violence that plagued Rome in the first century BC, his surviving letters give an exceptional glimpse into Cicero's own personality and his reactions to events as they unravelled around him events, he thought, which threatened to destabilize the system of government he loved and establish a tyranny over Rome. From his rise to power as a self-made man, Cicero's career took him through the years of Sulla, and the civil war between Pompey and Caesar, to his own last fight against Mark Antony. Drawing chiefly on Cicero s speeches and letters, as well as the most recent scholarship, Kathryn Tempest presents a new, highly readable narrative of Cicero's life and times from his rise to prominence until his brutal death. Including helpful features such as detailed chronological tables, a glossary, a guide to Greek and Roman authors and maps, the volume balances background and contextual information with analysis and explanation of Cicero's works. Organized chronologically and according to some of his most famous speeches, Cicero will appeal to anyone with an interest in Roman history, oratory and politics in the ancient world. This accessible yet comprehensive guide provides a thorough introduction to this key ancient figure, his works and influence, and the troubled political times in which he operated.
 

The Roman Poet 'Virgil'

The Roman Poet 'Virgil'
 
Publius Vergilius Maro better known to us as Virgil was born on the 15th of October 70 BC at Andes in Northern Italy. He later died at Brundisium in Southern Italy on the 21st of September 19 AD. Virgil was born to a lower class family, raised on a farm and was educated at Cremona (Milan) and then finished at Rome. He learnt the art of rhetoric and studied philosophy. His education included Greek and Roman authors, especially the poets. Siro the Epicurean philosopher also taught Virgil at his school in Naples. Virgil mentions Siro in the poem “Appendix Vergiliana” Virgil never married and lived almost like a recluse concentrating on his poems.
Mosaic of Virgil
Image wikipedia.org
This Mosaic of Virgil can be found on the site of the ancient Hadrumetum and currently preserved in Bardo National Museum in Tunis, where it constitutes one of its key pieces. It is currently the oldest portrait of the Latin poet Virgil
 
Virgil witnessed the end of the Roman Republic, lived through the civil wars of Marius and Sulla, Pompey and Julius Caesar, When Virgil was at the age of 20, Caesar crossed the River Rubicon and initiated several civil wars. Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March 44BC (15th of March) and his nephew Octavian (later Augustus) ended these civil wars at the battle of Actium in 31BC.
 
Virgil is perhaps known as the greatest Roman poet famed for his work “The Aeneid” an epic poem in 12 books. This was styled on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. It follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and reach Italy, where his descendants Romulus and Remus were to found the city of Rome. It also includes the civil wars and the reign of Augustus including the tragedy of Dido, the queen of Carthage who killed herself by her affection for Aeneas, It is the story of the earliest days of Rome, a national epic honoring Rome and prophesying the rise of the Roman Empire.

The Aeneid
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After a century of civil strife in Rome and Italy, Virgil wrote the Aeneid to honour the emperor Augustus by praising his legendary ancestor Aeneas. As a patriotic epic imitating Homer, the Aeneid also set out to provide Rome with a literature equal to that of Greece. It tells of Aeneas, survivor of the sack of Troy, and of his seven-year journey: to Carthage, where he falls tragically in love with Queen Dido; then to the underworld,; and finally to Italy, where he founds Rome. It is a story of defeat and exile, of love and war, hailed by Tennyson as 'the stateliest measure ever moulded by the lips of man'
 
 Ovid, another Roman poet knew Virgil and Ovid would of been influenced by Virgil's work. Ovid would of been much younger then Virgil and eventually Ovid's writing would get him banished from Rome by Emperor Augustus!

Virgil died of fever in 19BC and on his deathbed asked that the 'Aeneid' be burnt as he had not finished the final edits but Emperor Augustus requested that it be published. Virgil will always be best known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid.
The Eclogues and Georgics
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The Eclogues, ten short pastoral poems, were composed between approximately 42 and 39 BC, during the time of the 'Second' Triumvirate of Lepidus, Anthony, and Octavian. In them Virgil subtly blended an idealized Arcadia with contemporary history. To his Greek model - the Idylls of Theocritus - he added a strong element of Italian realism: places and people, real or disguised, and contemporary events are introduced. The Eclogues display all Virgil's art and charm and are among his most delightful achievements. 
 
Between approximately 39 and 29 BC, years of civil strife between Antony, and Octavian, Virgil was engaged upon the Georgics. Part agricultural manual, full of observations of animals and nature, they deal with the farmer's life and give it powerful allegorical meaning. These four books contain some of Virgil's finest descriptive writing and are generally held to be his greatest and most entertaining work, and C. Day Lewis's lyrical translations are classics in their own right.

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